https://connectedcartographies.net Connected Cartographies Tue, 11 Apr 2023 03:47:23 +0000 https://connectedcartographies.net en https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-6 Thu, 09 Mar 2023 09:19:24 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-6 Connected Cartographies:World Geography and the Sino-Western Translation of Knowledge, 1580-1842 Cambridge University Press, 2025 &nbsp; https://connectedcartographies.net/The-archipelago Tue, 11 Apr 2023 03:47:23 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/The-archipelago The Archipelago&nbsp; There are three ways to perceive an island chain.1. If seen from above—a perspective that world maps and globes attempt to simulate—islands appear irretrievably separate and isolated from one another. <img width="3508" height="2480" width_o="3508" height_o="2480" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea4eceb836e5e4e8790ac5919b6a5015355363780064c8f2655e4d39e224a464/Untitled_Artwork-27.png" data-mid="174892390" border="0" data-scale="84" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ea4eceb836e5e4e8790ac5919b6a5015355363780064c8f2655e4d39e224a464/Untitled_Artwork-27.png" />2. The same idea of separation is also present if you descend like a traveler to the surface, except that now, as you move, you experience each domain in sequence: land - water - land, and again water. <img width="3508" height="2480" width_o="3508" height_o="2480" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/771422336cb9d33a7711612157abc257b535e87911796c6c7fc669feecfe9d76/Untitled_Artwork-26.png" data-mid="174892389" border="0" data-scale="84" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/771422336cb9d33a7711612157abc257b535e87911796c6c7fc669feecfe9d76/Untitled_Artwork-26.png" />3. However, if you take a ride in a submarine, or perhaps a diving bell, your perspective will suddenly change. Now, you could perceive that the separation is only an illusion. What from above appeared as islands are indeed the tips of a deeply interconnected mountain chain. <img width="3508" height="2480" width_o="3508" height_o="2480" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/719dad6743b855432c31ac567cf71727dd31a85c2da7a5abbcab1ca9647c7963/Untitled_Artwork-25.png" data-mid="174892391" border="0" data-scale="85" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/719dad6743b855432c31ac567cf71727dd31a85c2da7a5abbcab1ca9647c7963/Untitled_Artwork-25.png" />The image of the archipelago describes the form of the early modern world, both in terms of geographical and cultural differences. With the benefit of historical distance, and looking from above, one can almost be certain of the neatly distinct profile of cultures and ways of being, of knowing, and of making knowledge in places such as China, Europe, the Islamicate Middle East, Africa, and the Americas. At surface level, one will encounter, as many early modern travelers did, both continuities and immense gaps between these places. But the deeper one goes under the surface, the connections still persist, even though with depth there is less sunlight to make them manifest. <img width="3508" height="2480" width_o="3508" height_o="2480" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/69143cb38753f6e121942b5f8239fbbdcd85c3d1743bf153d2c2fa50c7b81631/Untitled_Artwork-28.png" data-mid="174893593" border="0" data-scale="85" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/69143cb38753f6e121942b5f8239fbbdcd85c3d1743bf153d2c2fa50c7b81631/Untitled_Artwork-28.png" /> https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-1 Thu, 09 Mar 2023 09:19:23 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-1 World Geography in Sino-Western Encounters https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-4 Thu, 09 Mar 2023 09:19:24 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Page-4 https://connectedcartographies.net/Argument Thu, 09 Mar 2023 09:19:24 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Argument ︎Connected Cartographies In the 'Age of Discovery', explorers brought a wealth of information about new and strange lands from across the oceans. Yet, even as the Americas appeared on new world maps, China remained a cartographic mystery. How was the puzzle of China's geography unravelled? Connected Cartographies demonstrates that knowledge about China was generated differently, not through exploration but through a fascinating bi-directional cross-cultural exchange of knowledge. Florin-Stefan Morar shows that interactions between Chinese and Western cartographic traditions led to the creation of a new genre of maps that incorporated features from both. This genre included works by renowned cartographers such as Abraham Ortelius and Matteo Ricci and other less-known works, 'black tulips of cartography,' hidden in special collections. Morar builds upon original sources in multiple languages from archives across three continents, producing a pioneering reconstruction of Sino-Western cartographic exchanges that shaped the modern world map and our shared global perspective.Reviews‘Morar carries forward recent shifts in cartographic history to challenge the idea that Europe ‘discovered' the rest of the world by looking closely at how cartographers, both European and Chinese, crossed cultures as they put the world together on paper.'Timothy Brook - University of British ColumbiaIn this masterful study, Morar charts how translation and adaptation-not just exploration-crafted early global perspectives in both China and Europe. ‘Connected Cartographies' offers a fresh perspective on how Jesuit maps, Manchu border policies, and Qing expansion reshaped the meaning of ‘empire' and ‘border' itself, underscoring the importance of hybrid cartographic traditions for modern global history.Hyunhee Park - The City University of New York‘Connected Cartographies' offers a compelling narrative of the interactive co-emergence of early modernity in China and Europe in the fields of world geography and cartography.Qiong Zhang - Wake Forest University https://connectedcartographies.net/Maps Mon, 13 Mar 2023 05:06:50 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Maps Chapter 1 The Lay of the Land: Chinese and European World Maps Chinese and European maps displayed divergent and sometimes overlapping mathematical, visual and functional aspects. European maps continued the tradition of Ptolemy, applying the mathematics of heavenly bodies to the Earth’s surface. Each point on Earth was made to correspond with an overlapped grid of latitude and longitude coordinates. In China, while the idea of a spherical Earth and the notions of latitude and longitude (the warp and the wheft) were used in astronomy and astrology, cartographers operated with different notions. Chinese maps assumed the Earth to be square and flat, covered by the canopy of heaven. Respecting certain principles of cartographic drawing, maps ensured accuracy by overlaying a grid specifying distances between points. <img width="1720" height="1748" width_o="1720" height_o="1748" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/82364f5589e2ed292858b6e5d24470bb70407593e8a29519976be4f9d62db224/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-1.24.10-PM.png" data-mid="171431627" border="0" data-scale="79" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/82364f5589e2ed292858b6e5d24470bb70407593e8a29519976be4f9d62db224/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-1.24.10-PM.png" /> a) <img width="1264" height="1342" width_o="1264" height_o="1342" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/23a3ff0e68466be9e9f4593d41cbe7dc83cdbf5386c3112e8381e3a23f913be0/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-2.08.23-PM.png" data-mid="171433234" border="0" data-scale="76" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/23a3ff0e68466be9e9f4593d41cbe7dc83cdbf5386c3112e8381e3a23f913be0/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-2.08.23-PM.png" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;b) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Figure 1.1. Map of thetracks of Yu Yujitu 禹跡圖&nbsp; and Map of Chinese and foreign lands Huayitu 華夷圖. The map of the tracks of Yu consists of 5,110 grids, with each grid approximately 100 li. Original stone was engraved in 1136 A.D. These are stone rubbings of two sides of a stone stele. The stone is now in the Forest of Stone Steles Museum in Xi'an, China. Rubbings are from G7821.C3 1136.Y81 and .H8., US Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, DC. U.S.A. <img width="2400" height="2051" width_o="2400" height_o="2051" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/39bf96e91add1281cf8ce67ddd43ec7d1d6ba5194e357e7bf77e2eb6233a1e69/Fig.1.2.jpg" data-mid="171442951" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/39bf96e91add1281cf8ce67ddd43ec7d1d6ba5194e357e7bf77e2eb6233a1e69/Fig.1.2.jpg" />Figure 1.2. Luo Hongxian 羅洪先, General map from the Extended Terrestrial atlas Guang yutu 廣輿圖, 1566 edition. Yanching Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. <img width="5904" height="2695" width_o="5904" height_o="2695" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea0dc9b27bf09a2832f4af488723c9ad827cc2083db1e9aa79520cac9eaf2d2d/Fig.1.3.jpg" data-mid="171443075" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ea0dc9b27bf09a2832f4af488723c9ad827cc2083db1e9aa79520cac9eaf2d2d/Fig.1.3.jpg" />Figure 1.3 Muhammad al-Idrisi, Map of the World 1154 Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq also known as Carta Rogeriana. Reconstructed by Konrad Miller, 1928. US Library of Congress G3200 1154 .I3 1928, Washington, DC, U.S.A. <img width="2646" height="1872" width_o="2646" height_o="1872" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8bfa4a199d0dcde32d6808638a4a8c22a5eb0611eb7ce6f5d5a2c518d614196c/Fig.1.4.png" data-mid="171443077" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8bfa4a199d0dcde32d6808638a4a8c22a5eb0611eb7ce6f5d5a2c518d614196c/Fig.1.4.png" />Figure 1.4 World map according to Ptolemy's conic projection. Codex Vaticanus Urbinas Graecus 82. Parchment 575 x 418 mm. Probably assembled by Maximus Planudes in Constantinople c. 1300; later in possession of Palla Strozzi (1372-1462), then with Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. This was effectively the first Ptolemaic world map in Europe. <img width="2816" height="1780" width_o="2816" height_o="1780" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8600a29fae2627259d6569d8af78e0df53cb905bb9c2ebbf06cb2fe75b0dee7a/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.26.28-PM.png" data-mid="171443107" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8600a29fae2627259d6569d8af78e0df53cb905bb9c2ebbf06cb2fe75b0dee7a/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.26.28-PM.png" />Figure 1.5 Gerard Mercator, Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium emendate accommodata (New and improved description of the terrestrial globe, adapted to the use for navigation), 1569. Harvard University Library, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. <img width="521" height="477" width_o="521" height_o="477" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cdd16944cbc741220674067956103c5218d90b878b61663331687f2b69ba3761/Fig.1.6.png" data-mid="171443109" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/521/i/cdd16944cbc741220674067956103c5218d90b878b61663331687f2b69ba3761/Fig.1.6.png" />Figure 1.6 (Detail)Muhammad al-Idrisi, Map of the World 1154 Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq also known as Carta Rogeriana. Reconstructed by Konrad Miller, 1928. US Library of Congress G3200 1154 .I3 1928, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Chapter 2 Translation and Treason Why were Chinese world maps translated in early modern Europe? This chapter answers this question by focusing on the story of the 1584 map of China Chinae, olim Sinarum Regio nova descriptio by Abraham Ortelius. This was the first popular and widely disseminated map of China and it was based on a translation from Chinese sources. In discussing this map, the chapter will cover the period between 1550 and 1584. It will argue that the European cartographic interest in China was motivated by the rivalry between Spain and Portugal around the controversy about a line stretching from pole to pole demarcating their territories in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. <img width="3039" height="2372" width_o="3039" height_o="2372" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f8e5a6d5b1f4bd5e5d213ab004a665cc026ed7fd7bdc441a28d1f3ebf0278835/Fig.2.1.png" data-mid="171443484" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f8e5a6d5b1f4bd5e5d213ab004a665cc026ed7fd7bdc441a28d1f3ebf0278835/Fig.2.1.png" /> Figure 2.1 Abraham Ortelius, Chinae olim Sinarum regionis, nova descriptio auctore Ludovico Georgio (New description of the region of China authored by Ludovico Georgio). In Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum orbis terrarum, Atwerpen, Christophe Plantin, 1584. <img width="3000" height="995" width_o="3000" height_o="995" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f74a39d7f09c3f4975ea433e0245eb2f01df0baac1002a923b8014bc47f71ba9/Fig.2.2.png" data-mid="171443485" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f74a39d7f09c3f4975ea433e0245eb2f01df0baac1002a923b8014bc47f71ba9/Fig.2.2.png" />Figure 2.2 Drawing by Hieronimo de Chávez, 1566. Martimuñoz 09-04797, f. 331, RAH, Madrid, Spain. The drawing explains the conversion of distances from leagues in degrees of longitude and an effort to triangulate the distance between Cebu and the Port of Navidad in New Spain. The calculation was not impartial as it was part of an effort to extend the Spanish dominion. Mathematically it is problematic because it does not consider the curvature of the Earth <img width="2608" height="1960" width_o="2608" height_o="1960" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ca911eb361503d0fe7c51ccf05270ec0d22f6265760d5da7102d91e4a6c50ffe/Fig.2.3.png" data-mid="171443504" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ca911eb361503d0fe7c51ccf05270ec0d22f6265760d5da7102d91e4a6c50ffe/Fig.2.3.png" />Figure 2.3. Juan de Borja, Empresas morales (Moral prints), Prague, 1581. The book of prints contains plates, each with a drawing representing a symbol related to a moral virtue or theme, as exemplified here. The accompanying text for each explains the topic in more detail. <img width="2668" height="1020" width_o="2668" height_o="1020" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1c69b7e4e738b1f34f50405c7197d58875302387139d1d438d9cde797f5a6215/Fig.2.4.png" data-mid="171443506" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1c69b7e4e738b1f34f50405c7197d58875302387139d1d438d9cde797f5a6215/Fig.2.4.png" />Figure 2.4 Abraham Ortelius, Regni hispaniae. Comparison between the original 1570 edition and the newer edition sent by Ortelius to Spain. <img width="2926" height="1772" width_o="2926" height_o="1772" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9d446fc7a94ce1d771b56ce5d71704a89bf901f440a9dd59d05df95ef911324f/Fig.2.5.png" data-mid="171443508" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9d446fc7a94ce1d771b56ce5d71704a89bf901f440a9dd59d05df95ef911324f/Fig.2.5.png" />Figure 2.5 Juan Lopez de Velasco, Descripcion de las Yndias Occidentales (Description of the West Indies), from Demarcacion y division de las Yndias (Division and demarcation of the Indies), [Madrid, 1575], John Carter Brown Library, Providence, RI. This manuscript map portrays the Spanish view of demarcation in the wake of the colonization of the Philippines. Here, those islands, as well as a considerable part of China were set on the Spanish side. The manuscript also shows signs of modifications. The line on the Atlantic side was erased and moved 30 degrees to the right to reduce the Portuguese domain in Brazil. <img width="2592" height="1780" width_o="2592" height_o="1780" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/35b9de83b566fc91d74c85c87747e6d51b91afe7d3c7886929a8ece5bd43075e/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.34.09-PM.png" data-mid="171443603" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/35b9de83b566fc91d74c85c87747e6d51b91afe7d3c7886929a8ece5bd43075e/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.34.09-PM.png" />Figure 2.6 Abraham Ortelius, Maris Pacifici (quod vulgo Mar del Zur) (Of the Pacific Sea, that the people call Sea of the South). From Theatrum orbis terrarum, Antwerpen 1589. <img width="1818" height="1416" width_o="1818" height_o="1416" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fd67c547b03c632ede0cb425b47d77226fbaeea9f482991cd98d8eaa8f075610/Fig.2.7.png" data-mid="171443606" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fd67c547b03c632ede0cb425b47d77226fbaeea9f482991cd98d8eaa8f075610/Fig.2.7.png" />Figure 2.7. Historical and topographical map of China, Gujin xingsheng zhi tu 古今形勝之圖, 1555, Filipinas 5, Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, Spain. Highlighted portions mark the places where inscriptions are made on the map. These fall in the following categories: place-names, the points of the compass, the title of the map, and explanations of the squares marking the capitals of provinces. <img width="1466" height="1489" width_o="1466" height_o="1489" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bc6d9aaa0e65941e2071cdffd20c47ec62feeef6a84a049998ea7c746da8b47a/Fig.2.8a.png" data-mid="171443685" border="0" data-scale="72" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bc6d9aaa0e65941e2071cdffd20c47ec62feeef6a84a049998ea7c746da8b47a/Fig.2.8a.png" /> a) <img width="3039" height="2372" width_o="3039" height_o="2372" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c2d6353cb4e75659e22ca0d68c05ab8bc448856f760e20142a17bf8b7c2ebdea/Fig.2.8b.png" data-mid="171443686" border="0" data-scale="89" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c2d6353cb4e75659e22ca0d68c05ab8bc448856f760e20142a17bf8b7c2ebdea/Fig.2.8b.png" /> &nbsp;b) Figure 2.8a&amp;b Top (a): General map of China (Yudi zongtu 輿地總圖) from Extended terrestrial atlas (Guang yutu 廣輿圖) by Luo Hongxian 羅洪先, 1555. National Library of China, Beijing. Bottom (b): Ortelius, Chinae, Antwerp, 1584 rotated. <img width="1942" height="1328" width_o="1942" height_o="1328" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/95cd4c57325b4a54b30c52e745c866d399795f0b8dd391e71b2dc4b16fc8b2d9/Fig.2.9.png" data-mid="171443784" border="0" data-scale="76" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/95cd4c57325b4a54b30c52e745c866d399795f0b8dd391e71b2dc4b16fc8b2d9/Fig.2.9.png" />Figure 2.9 Bartolomeu Velho. Detail from his Chart of Asia, 1561. Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence. <img width="2048" height="920" width_o="2048" height_o="920" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ef89b648619f4778bba71be0dc2e2656a870fb4a67b05dff9a7ec5e1f53f2f3c/Fig.2.10.png" data-mid="171443785" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ef89b648619f4778bba71be0dc2e2656a870fb4a67b05dff9a7ec5e1f53f2f3c/Fig.2.10.png" />Figure 2.10 Map of myriad kingdoms of the Earth, 坤輿萬國全圖, by Matteo Ricci, Li Zhizao 李之藻, et al., 1604. A colored copy is in the Kano Collection, Tohoku University Library, Sendai, Japan. The highlighted portion shows the extent of the Spanish dominions as opposed to the Portuguese. China, the Philippines, and the Moluccas are firmly inside the demarcation that favored Portugal. Chapter 3 The Westerner: Matteo Ricci’s World Map and the Quandaries of European Identity in Late Ming China Focusing approximately on the period 1584-1610, this chapter addresses the contrasting question of the translation of European world maps in China. The chapter argues that the creation of Matteo Ricci’s world map, which was based on European and Chinese sources with text in Chinese characters and the use of Chinese printing methods and materials, was motivated by the need to create a new identity for Europeans in China; Matteo Ricci’s world map created “The Great West” as a geographical and cultural category. The chapter also explores the intricacies of cartographic translation and the back and forths between China and Europe, covering the activities of Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Neroni <img width="1852" height="1320" width_o="1852" height_o="1320" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aa5075ebd650c40725d7676a9339f166298f7f174198c703e9582fc4d218d4dc/Fig.3.1.png" data-mid="171444043" border="0" data-scale="83" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/aa5075ebd650c40725d7676a9339f166298f7f174198c703e9582fc4d218d4dc/Fig.3.1.png" />Figure 3.1 Map of Countries in the Western Regions of the Han Han (Xiyu zhuguo tu 漢西域諸國圖) from Fozu tongji 佛祖統紀 (General Records of the Founders of Buddhism), 32: 6. In the lower left corner, the map depicts the Western Sea 西海 and the Great Qin(Da Qin 大秦) —the Roman Empire of the East. <img width="2048" height="1372" width_o="2048" height_o="1372" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b255f5392db76c89cab52a3c8ad959527c7c5b54e8f61b4f685d4ef4197a49d0/Fig.3.2.png" data-mid="171444045" border="0" data-scale="83" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b255f5392db76c89cab52a3c8ad959527c7c5b54e8f61b4f685d4ef4197a49d0/Fig.3.2.png" />Figure 3.2 The papal later draft from Sixtus V to the Wanli Emperor. On the left: The Chinese versions composed by Matteo Ricci National library of France BNF Chinois 5061. On the right: The Latin translation. ARSI Jap.Sin. 125 68r. <img width="2451" height="3031" width_o="2451" height_o="3031" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/66dc0b1f3f55d2e1b611704112b348294b921ba3e97afd7b653b70c242d9dffa/Fig.3.3.png" data-mid="171444047" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/66dc0b1f3f55d2e1b611704112b348294b921ba3e97afd7b653b70c242d9dffa/Fig.3.3.png" />Figure 3.3 Pair of terrestrial and celestial globes by Matteo Neroni. Collezioni Speciali, Biblioteca Nazionale, Rome. The terrestrial globe features a cartouche indicating the date: Anno Jobel 1595. Photograph by the author. <img width="1570" height="1374" width_o="1570" height_o="1374" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fe63c0486718ac3fd2890db333b46ed2d129b2066f20888c4615a3f834385b51/Fig.3.4.png" data-mid="171444048" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fe63c0486718ac3fd2890db333b46ed2d129b2066f20888c4615a3f834385b51/Fig.3.4.png" />Figure 3.4 A selected portion of the terrestrial globe by Matteo Neroni (selection). From Collezioni Speciali, Biblioteca Nazionale, Rome, Italy. The map of Italy names Neroni’s birthplace the village of Peccioli and the larger town of Volterra to which Peccioli was subjected administratively. <img width="2198" height="1498" width_o="2198" height_o="1498" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/12593c2d5bfe13a9684e58cc5071ac650c6271720b3a4b6fdd1e7c4642226da5/Fig.3.5.png" data-mid="171444049" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/12593c2d5bfe13a9684e58cc5071ac650c6271720b3a4b6fdd1e7c4642226da5/Fig.3.5.png" />Figure 3.5 Left: Terrestrial globe by Matteo Neroni. Right: Ortelius, Chinae, 1584. The depiction of China on Neroni’s globe and Ortelius map from 1584 share as common source a now lost Portuguese map based on the Extended collection of terrestrial maps Guang yutu 廣輿圖 by Zhu Siben 朱思本. <img width="2702" height="1796" width_o="2702" height_o="1796" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3cec46bf750b288820fe36324b9fe38e80932000d878fd9956dbb42f8a62cdb1/Fig.3.6.png" data-mid="171444053" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3cec46bf750b288820fe36324b9fe38e80932000d878fd9956dbb42f8a62cdb1/Fig.3.6.png" />Figure 3.6 Left: Terrestrial globe by Matteo Neroni BN, Rome. Right:&nbsp; Matteo Ricci &amp; Li Zhizao, Map of Myriad Kingdoms, Colored Edition (1608) Nanjing Palace Museum 南京博物院. The Neroni globe and Ricci’s world map share a common depiction of Africa and equivalent naming of the Oceans. <img width="1446" height="2262" width_o="1446" height_o="2262" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/22e908b882baef410337e1c71f3629e557fef0287e20bc9b2d459488e834de71/Fig.3.7.png" data-mid="171444058" border="0" data-scale="79" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/22e908b882baef410337e1c71f3629e557fef0287e20bc9b2d459488e834de71/Fig.3.7.png" />Figure 3.7 Top: Yudi shanhai quantu 輿地山海全圖 (Complete terrestrial map of the mountains and the seas) in Zhang Huang 章潢, Tushubian 圖書編 (Collection of maps), 1584. Harvard University, Yenching Library USA. This reproduction of Matteo Ricci’s 1584 world map names all the continents except Europe. The Western Ocean 大西洋 is also absent. Bottom: Shanhai yudi quantu 山海輿地全圖 from Feng Yingjing 馮應京, Yueling guangyi 月令廣義 (Monthly ordinances). Harvard University, Yenching Library. This reproduction of the 1600 Nanjing version of Ricci’s world map is the first to list the name of Europe and the Western Ocean. The map was later widely disseminated as part of the popular Ming encyclopedia 三才圖會 (1609). <img width="1620" height="2134" width_o="1620" height_o="2134" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ce70bf06836bf59bc5f21a98644d56e565e5ac2ea8081ef6e2342c54e2e85dcd/Fig.3.8.png" data-mid="171444060" border="0" data-scale="79" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ce70bf06836bf59bc5f21a98644d56e565e5ac2ea8081ef6e2342c54e2e85dcd/Fig.3.8.png" />Figure 3.8 Top: 1.Matteo Ricci, Li Zhizao and Zhang Wentao, Kun Yu Wanguo Quantu different versions. From left 1. James Ford Bell Library Minesota altered 1602 version. Name of Portugal appears as Boerduwaer, explanatory note show marks of deletion from woodbloks. 2. Miyagi prefecture modified original version, before tampering. Chapter 4 Material Matters: The Manchu Translation of the 1603 World Map by Li Yingshi and Matteo Ricci in the Later Jin State Matteo Ricci’s entry into China at the end of the sixteenth century coincided with broader changes in the regional power dynamics of East Asia. Ming China was entering a period of dynastic decay. It was plagued by economic problems and pressed by the Manchus, a peoples from beyond the Great Wall. Chapter 4, covering the turbulent Ming-Qing inter-dynastic transition period between 1610 and 1644, tells the story of a version of Matteo Ricci’s world map, which was appropriated by the Manchus as they were forming their own identity and were planning to invade China. The chapter shows that the Manchus, coming in contact with Ricci’s world map created a practice of translation which they then applied to Chinese maps. <img width="2264" height="982" width_o="2264" height_o="982" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/397f1036eec8377bf12309081cac5641c0004f5b9c70e554555a4426413ff8ba/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.48.02-PM.png" data-mid="171444609" border="0" data-scale="78" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/397f1036eec8377bf12309081cac5641c0004f5b9c70e554555a4426413ff8ba/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-5.48.02-PM.png" />Figure 4.1 Li Yingshi and Matteo Ricci, Map of observing the mysteries of the Heaven and the Earth, 1603, Liaoning Provincial Museum 辽宁省博物馆, Shenyang, P.R.C. <img width="2552" height="2950" width_o="2552" height_o="2950" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5e12722de4140ec4d2fc8caedc9ac7049ad0b4059242caa7c4d3e82ea1649753/Fig.4.2.png" data-mid="171444612" border="0" data-scale="78" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5e12722de4140ec4d2fc8caedc9ac7049ad0b4059242caa7c4d3e82ea1649753/Fig.4.2.png" /> Figure 4.2 The left corner of the eighth roll of the Shengyang copy of the Map of observing mysteries. This area, representing the Southern Hemisphere, was damaged and later repaired. An artisan had applied paper paste and, after it dried, redrew the meridians to give the impression of continuity. Further damage to the map reveals the discrepancy between the two layers. <img width="898" height="956" width_o="898" height_o="956" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3717a3ed42502941a21bd473eb2dd02c37631ff0b05ea6b2a5cdcb3e1662933d/Fig.4.3.png" data-mid="171444618" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/898/i/3717a3ed42502941a21bd473eb2dd02c37631ff0b05ea6b2a5cdcb3e1662933d/Fig.4.3.png" /> Figure 4.3 Manchu translation of the cosmological theory in a cartouche placed near the line of the equator in Map of observing mysteries, by Li Yingshi and Matteo Ricci, 1603 <img width="2388" height="1562" width_o="2388" height_o="1562" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9e7297c53139f5989966907ae9e8f5b0f0c1f81ee27e0b82ebc1bcce663b7aea/Fig.4.4a.png" data-mid="171444619" border="0" data-scale="83" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9e7297c53139f5989966907ae9e8f5b0f0c1f81ee27e0b82ebc1bcce663b7aea/Fig.4.4a.png" /> Figure 4.4a &amp;b Map of observing mysteries. Manchu inscriptions on the map. <img width="1012" height="1486" width_o="1012" height_o="1486" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff5fa9f8c3e1078363f5b6e7e981bd3ff5a1ad975b2d1776ea69b227e38c9afb/Fig.4.5.png" data-mid="171444623" border="0" data-scale="79" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ff5fa9f8c3e1078363f5b6e7e981bd3ff5a1ad975b2d1776ea69b227e38c9afb/Fig.4.5.png" /> Figure 4.5 Analysis of the map’s Manchu script written on the Map of observing mysteries. <img width="1633" height="2152" width_o="1633" height_o="2152" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/944157a5c89746dd8ef317b20ca958931874ea7581d254c61b3452b36126ed9f/Fig.4.6.png" data-mid="171444624" border="0" data-scale="75" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/944157a5c89746dd8ef317b20ca958931874ea7581d254c61b3452b36126ed9f/Fig.4.6.png" /> Figure 4.6 Map of Dengzhou鄧州 from Cartographic Diary of the Embassy to the Ming Court (朝天記地圖), by Chong Tuwon, 1630. Courtesy of the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, Seoul, South Korea. Chong Tuwon authored this volume of maps of places near the Bohai Sea between China and Korea. The map of Dengzhou from this volume was made in the style of Chinese cartography that was prevalent around the time that Chong met Rodrigues. <img width="1024" height="768" width_o="1024" height_o="768" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/edc6ce50450da9829070af968829fd85d102265576817b332085b416b1164e62/Fig.4.7.jpeg" data-mid="171444626" border="0" data-scale="76" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/edc6ce50450da9829070af968829fd85d102265576817b332085b416b1164e62/Fig.4.7.jpeg" /> Figure 4.7 Synthetic map of the Great Ming, Da Ming hun yi tu大明混一圖, original in First Historical Archives, Beijing, reprint in Zhongguo Gudai Ditu Ji中国古代地图集 (Beijing, 1990). Facsimile from the Shanghai Museum of Navigation 航海博物馆. Photograph by the author. This section of the map of the Great Ming depicts the western portion of Korea and displays the Manchu place-name transliterations on affixed labels. In some places, over time, the labels have detached, revealing the original Chinese text underneath. Chapter 5 At the Limits of China: How Borders Travelled the World Matteo Ricci’s entry into China at the end of the sixteenth century coincided with broader changes in the regional power dynamics of East Asia. Ming China was entering a period of dynastic decay. It was plagued by economic problems and pressed by the Manchus, a peoples from beyond the Great Wall. Chapter 4, covering the turbulent Ming-Qing inter-dynastic transition period between 1610 and 1644, tells the story of a version of Matteo Ricci’s world map, which was appropriated by the Manchus as they were forming their own identity and were planning to invade China. The chapter shows that the Manchus, coming in contact with Ricci’s world map created a practice of translation which they then applied to Chinese maps. <img width="1192" height="1358" width_o="1192" height_o="1358" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/37790c818ff524e888e6896c0ec216e9c9e993c783ac4eece8fe51df2f15ab0f/Fig.5.2.png" data-mid="171445962" border="0" data-scale="79" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/37790c818ff524e888e6896c0ec216e9c9e993c783ac4eece8fe51df2f15ab0f/Fig.5.2.png" />Figure 5.1 Olahus Magnus, Carta Marina, Antonio Lafreri, 1572. National Library of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden. Top: View of the entire map, focused on northern countries. Bottom: Selection showing an example of the demarcation between two state entities. <img width="1744" height="2180" width_o="1744" height_o="2180" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/10df3dde4b6586edfee91435526745de79adf8313ae828d8998f2a1efd17d6f1/Fig.5.3.png" data-mid="171445965" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/10df3dde4b6586edfee91435526745de79adf8313ae828d8998f2a1efd17d6f1/Fig.5.3.png" />Figure 5.2 Nicolas Sanson d’Abbeville, L’Europe, Pierre Mariette, 1651. National Library of France, Paris. Top: General view of the map. Bottom: Selection showing the divisions between Spain, France, and Italy. <img width="2494" height="1722" width_o="2494" height_o="1722" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3328efd7548abf9f693d4edee4dd9245898d30475d67a217ee82b2cdcab49fe4/Fig.5.4.png" data-mid="171446797" border="0" data-scale="80" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3328efd7548abf9f693d4edee4dd9245898d30475d67a217ee82b2cdcab49fe4/Fig.5.4.png" />Figure 5.3 Nicolas Sanson d’Abbeville, L’Asie, Paris 1652 <img width="1871" height="2542" width_o="1871" height_o="2542" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a604777c8fbbc7d1269810eed8927881aa2f66fa4f21f7db1d1d0a710e23185e/Fig.5.5.png" data-mid="171446800" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a604777c8fbbc7d1269810eed8927881aa2f66fa4f21f7db1d1d0a710e23185e/Fig.5.5.png" />Figure 5.4 Nicolas Sanson d’Abbeville, Kingdom of China, from L’Asie, Paris,1658 edition, National Library of France, Paris. <img width="1918" height="2850" width_o="1918" height_o="2850" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/477d402ab90af492e01869f1eaea9500942f8fdf966ee103b7087160e4809eef/Fig.5.6.png" data-mid="171446803" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/477d402ab90af492e01869f1eaea9500942f8fdf966ee103b7087160e4809eef/Fig.5.6.png" />Figure 5.5ab Top: Nicolae Milescu Spatharius, Map of Siberia, Harvard University, Houghton Library, Cambridge, MA. Bottom: Antoine Thomas, Tabual Geographica Orientis, 1690, ARSI, Jap. Sin. 110. <img width="2376" height="1804" width_o="2376" height_o="1804" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1752fae6e712fe96e917e5b636b95cffe8996c50e145beb4523e77ff2d9ba23c/Fig.5.7.png" data-mid="171445969" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1752fae6e712fe96e917e5b636b95cffe8996c50e145beb4523e77ff2d9ba23c/Fig.5.7.png" />Figure 5.6 Jean Baptiste Bourguignon D’Anville, Grand Tartary according to the novel observations of the gentlemen of the Academy of Sciences (La grande Tartarie / suivant les nouvelles observations de Mess. de l'Académie royale des sciences, augmentées de nouveau), 1714, CPL GE DD-2987 (7359), BNF, Paris, France. <img width="2638" height="1650" width_o="2638" height_o="1650" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e5dec492627fc6bd4fab32067637088a37c8adc86df9d912b9b668f59bf75d35/Fig.5.8.png" data-mid="171445977" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e5dec492627fc6bd4fab32067637088a37c8adc86df9d912b9b668f59bf75d35/Fig.5.8.png" />Figure 5.7 Jean Baptiste Bourguignon D’Anville, Most general map that comprises China, Chinese Tartary, and Tibet (Carte la plus generale et qui comprend La Chine, La Tartarie Chinoise, et le Tibet) 1734, BNF Cartes et plans, GE C-6140 (A), Paris, France <img width="4096" height="1171" width_o="4096" height_o="1171" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c1ec1f1e8a6cf9021983442cd3334517b7aea196f66b69d1374c6e660c19541b/Fig.6.4.png" data-mid="171446113" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c1ec1f1e8a6cf9021983442cd3334517b7aea196f66b69d1374c6e660c19541b/Fig.6.4.png" /> Figure 5.8 Huanhai quantu環海全圖 (Complete map of the circular ocean), from Hai jiang yang jie xing shi quan tu 海疆洋界形勢全圖 (Coastal maps of China), c. 1787, Geography and map division G7822.C6A5 1801 .H31, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. U.S.A. <img width="1920" height="1082" width_o="1920" height_o="1082" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8f2d0124269ada1840bf044ec5dc387fba009e5f6623350fe8b403b8006c6a97/page-2.jpeg" data-mid="228148622" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8f2d0124269ada1840bf044ec5dc387fba009e5f6623350fe8b403b8006c6a97/page-2.jpeg" /> Figure 5.9&nbsp;Li Mingche 李明徹 The Unified Latitude and Longitude General Map of the Ten-thousand-years Great Qing Empire Da Qing wannian yitong jingwei yutu 大清萬年一統經緯輿圖, c.1820. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen Cod. Ms. Mapp. 34, Göttingen, Germany. <img width="1441" height="976" width_o="1441" height_o="976" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6c58c0bbbc5c1a2099b5cf185a29ae7bc6607e1ec03113df8496c6c846251f67/Fig.5.10.png" data-mid="171446048" border="0" data-scale="82" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6c58c0bbbc5c1a2099b5cf185a29ae7bc6607e1ec03113df8496c6c846251f67/Fig.5.10.png" />Figure 5.10 Julius Klaproth, New map of Asia (Nouvelle carte de L’Asie), 1829. BNF Cartes et plans, GE C-8068, Paris, France. Chapter 6 China’s Place in the World Much of the book’s narrative is dedicated to trace the complex interactions between China and Europe since the sixteenth century, but how did these interactions affect Chinese cartographers and Chinese cartographic practice? The focus of this chapter moves to the perspective of Chinese cartographers, their attitudes and uses of world maps, as well as hybrid world maps created using Western techniques and Chinese elements. The chapter demonstrates that Sino-Western world maps prompted different responses, ranging from rejection to enthusiasm and adoption. Chinese cartographers incorporated elements from these maps, cited them in their own work. Beginning with the Qianlong period of the Qing, cartographers started working with Western cartographic techniques in producing new types of maps. <img width="1277" height="1293" width_o="1277" height_o="1293" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/daca4dd594afa0574281a1c6fba966203e8f3dff9dbf63543478b5a765daff49/Fig.6.1.png" data-mid="235868717" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/daca4dd594afa0574281a1c6fba966203e8f3dff9dbf63543478b5a765daff49/Fig.6.1.png" />Figure 6.1 Cao Junyi, Complete Map of Human Vestiges and Routes within the Nine Border Zones and the Ten Thousand Countries under Heaven, Da Ming jiubian wanguo renji lucheng quantu 大明九邊萬國人跡路程全圖. Cataloged as Map of China and Neighboring Countries, Maps and charts 60875. (11.), British Library, London, UK. <img width="3516" height="2030" width_o="3516" height_o="2030" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/665f19dc69f1fae04a67baa835074f144b50f8cdf4d52e6b7cc4c0f5d75ee948/Fig.6.2.png" data-mid="171446111" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/665f19dc69f1fae04a67baa835074f144b50f8cdf4d52e6b7cc4c0f5d75ee948/Fig.6.2.png" />Figure 6.2 Ferdinand Verbiest 南懷仁, Complete map of the Earth (Kunyu Quantu坤輿全圖), 1674, BNFGE A-1027 (RES). Verbiest’s map was an important work of reference for Qing cartographers. <img width="2369" height="1708" width_o="2369" height_o="1708" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/27f0218b92bf0c9e20ed5ef988511c1b7e6f7319b7d5f33570626f0407e3a436/Fig.6.3.png" data-mid="171446112" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/27f0218b92bf0c9e20ed5ef988511c1b7e6f7319b7d5f33570626f0407e3a436/Fig.6.3.png" /> Figure 6.3 Lu Fu 吕抚, Map of the three powers, San Cai Yiguan Tu 三才一貫圖, 1722, Library of Congress, G7820 1722 .L8, Washington, DC. <img width="4096" height="1171" width_o="4096" height_o="1171" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c1ec1f1e8a6cf9021983442cd3334517b7aea196f66b69d1374c6e660c19541b/Fig.6.4.png" data-mid="171446113" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c1ec1f1e8a6cf9021983442cd3334517b7aea196f66b69d1374c6e660c19541b/Fig.6.4.png" /> Figure 6.4&nbsp;Lü Fu 呂撫, Map of the Three Powers, Sancai yiguan tu 三才一貫 圖, 1722. Geography and Map Division G7820 1722 .L8, Washington Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA. <img width="2072" height="1324" width_o="2072" height_o="1324" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8912895697c5356b7c0614b613a3e4a13d51eeb1b209e18a8f115a4402264db4/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-6.20.40-PM.png" data-mid="171448963" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8912895697c5356b7c0614b613a3e4a13d51eeb1b209e18a8f115a4402264db4/Screenshot-2023-03-13-at-6.20.40-PM.png" />Figure 6.5 Zhuang Tingfu, The Great Qing Dynasty World Map of TributeBearing Countries with Spherical Coordinates, Past and Present, Da Qing tongshu zhigong wanguo jingwei diqiushi 大清統屬職貢萬國經緯地球式, 1794. Library of Congress, DC. G3200 1794 .Z5, Washington, DC, USA. <img width="1644" height="2322" width_o="1644" height_o="2322" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/75ddd1075728a0310aa1744863141d8eb42719049dbebe633ac9b6da9aa322cc/Fig.6.6.png" data-mid="171448784" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/75ddd1075728a0310aa1744863141d8eb42719049dbebe633ac9b6da9aa322cc/Fig.6.6.png" /> <img width="810" height="740" width_o="810" height_o="740" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cbf5d446dc1b370e47732124ae695f591a9a452b9e072ec0e4f5285713a80273/Fig.6.6b.png" data-mid="171448786" border="0" data-scale="81" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/810/i/cbf5d446dc1b370e47732124ae695f591a9a452b9e072ec0e4f5285713a80273/Fig.6.6b.png" />Figure 6.6a and b Ye Zipei 葉子佩 and Liu Yan 六嚴, Great map of the whole Earth at a glance, Dadi quanqiu yilan zhitu大地全球一覽之圖, 1851, Peking University Library, Beijing, P.R.C. This map is the culmination of considering information from both Chinese and Western maps. Top: Northern Hemisphere. Bottom: Detail Epilogue The Archipelago The Epilogue explores the transformative impact of cartographic exchanges between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. The book adopted a "diving bell" approach to uncover the deep connections between Chinese and Western cartographic traditions, arguing that translation played a crucial role in shaping world geography. These exchanges led to hybrid maps and a global Renaissance, illustrating that knowledge was shared reciprocally. The chapter underscores the diverse motivations behind map translations, from territorial disputes to identity construction, and how these interactions influenced the perception of China and the West. Ultimately, the book reveals how these exchanges contributed to the modern world map and the global perspective we share today. <img width="3794" height="1778" width_o="3794" height_o="1778" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/74fe8943cd2879cbf84ada7941ac570f3105258936cf4cf174ff05fe4a57d51d/Fig.7.1.jpg" data-mid="171445747" border="0" data-scale="88" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/74fe8943cd2879cbf84ada7941ac570f3105258936cf4cf174ff05fe4a57d51d/Fig.7.1.jpg" /> Figure 7.1 NASA AS17-148-22727 The Blue Marble. Left: Original image. Right: Popularized cropped and rotated version. https://connectedcartographies.net/Author Mon, 13 Mar 2023 03:55:33 +0000 Connected Cartographies https://connectedcartographies.net/Author FLORIN-STEFAN MORAR 孟瀚良 <img width="2624" height="1971" width_o="2624" height_o="1971" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f94bfd1fc154b716c1932220ba08685fe12fb22fcb0af6f9455d9059aee557d6/picture.jpeg" data-mid="228847011" border="0" data-scale="91" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f94bfd1fc154b716c1932220ba08685fe12fb22fcb0af6f9455d9059aee557d6/picture.jpeg" /> Dr. Morar received his PhD from Harvard University in 2019 and is currently Assistant Professor at the National University of Singapore. Dr. Morar has broad linguistic training with working knowledge and philological competence in a number of European and East Asian Languages: English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Latin, Manchu, and Chinese. He uses these linguistics abilities to research the relations and cross-cultural exchanges between China and the West in the past and the present. Dr. Morar is also active in the areas of Digital Humanities and History of A.I. RESEARCH INTERESTS History of ScienceGlobal HistoryHistory of TranslationDigital HumanitiesComputer Aided Translation and Machine Learning JOURNAL ARTICLES “Unintended Experiment: Capitalism and the History of Education in Colonial Hong Kong, 1842–1945.” International Politics, July 8, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00586-5. “First encounters: The earliest approaches to translating and interpreting the Chinese language in the early modern period.” Translation and Interpreting Studies Journal 18, no. 1 (2023): 139-58. https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.20052.mor. “The Westerner: Matteo Ricci’s World Map and the Quandaries of European Identity in the Late Ming Dynasty.” Journal of Jesuit Studies 6 (2019): 14-30. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00601002. “Relocating the Qing in the Global History of Science: The Manchu Translation of the 1603 World Map by Li Yingshi and Matteo Ricci.” Isis: Journal of the History of Science 109, no. 4 (2018): 679-694. https://doi.org/10.1086/701475. “Reinventing Machines: The Transmission History of the Leibniz Calculator.” The British Journal for the History of Science 48, no. 1 (2015): 1. https://doi:10.1017/S0007087414000429. BOOK CHAPTERS “Before Sinology: Early European Attempts to Translate the Chinese Language in the Sixteenth Century.” In From Rome to Beijing: Sacred Spaces in Dialogue, edited by Daniel M. Greenberg and Mari Yoko Hara, 185–215. Leiden: Brill. https://brill.com/display/title/54192?language=en&nbsp; “China Translata: The 1555 Map of Advantageous Terrain Then and Now.” In: Mario Cams (ed.), Remapping the World in East Asia: Towards a Global History of the “Ricci Maps,”University of Hawai’i Press, 2024. https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/remapping-the-world-in-east-asia-toward-a-global-history-of-the-ricci-maps/ “Science in China: Key Problems, Topics, and Methodologies,” In: Chris Shei and Weixiao Wei (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Studies, Routledge, 2021, pp. 579-592.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429059704-47/science-china-florin-stefan-morar SHORT CONTRIBUTIONS “Historicism” in: The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, Wiley and Blackwell, 2018 “Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius,” “Semitecolo’s telescope,” “The Pantograph” and “Machina Coelestis” in: Paper worlds, Printing knowledge in Early Modern Europe, Harvard Collection of Scientific Instruments, 2010BOOK REVIEWS“The Nature of Natural Classification: Review of Federico Marcon, Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan, University of Chicago Press, 2019” in Nuncius: Journal of the Material and Visual History of Science, 34, 3 (November 2019). “Review of Dominic Sachsenmeier, The Global Entanglements of a Man who Never Travelled, Columbia University Press, 2018” in Journal of Jesuit Studies, 6 (2019), 510-12. TALKS AND PRESENTATIONS “Asia in the Making of the Global Renaissance: Perspectives from Religion, Literature, History &amp; Art” (roundtable presentation), Renaissance Society of America Conference, Boston, USA, Mar. 20, 2025 “Borderlines: Korea’s relations with China and Japan in geopolitical and global historical perspective” (public lecture), Sukmyung University, Seoul, Korea, Mar. 14, 2025 “The Book Thief: A Microhistory of the Sino-Western Knowledge Exchanges in the Global Renaissance” (public lecture), Hong Kong University, Hong Kong S.A.R, Dec. 11, 2024 “Islamic Maps as mediators of knowledge in the cartographic exchanges between China and the West” (invited lecture) Georgetown in Qatar, Qatar, Jan. 24, 2023 “New Frontiers in the History of Science,” (invited lecture) Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Dec. 12, 2022 “AI and the limits of artificial intelligence,” (invited talk) Lingnan University Arts Faculty Research Seminar Series, Hong Kong, Nov. 29, 2022 “History of Translation between China and the West,” (invited talk) Translation Symposium, Lingnan University, June 2022 “Towards a Global History of the World Map: The Translation and Circulation of Cartographic Knowledge in Sino-Western Encounters,” (public lecture) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 18 Feb. 2022 “At the limits of China: frontiers, borders, and political geography in early modern Sino-Western cartographic exchanges,” (invited talk) Cambridge Seminars in the History of Cartography, Cambridge University, Nov. 16, 2021 “Cartographies, Real and Imagined: Polo, Rici, Calvino,” (invited talk) Harvard University, 13 Apr. 2021 "Cartography and the Global Renaissance"(Guest Lecture), Yale-National University of Singapore, Apr. 9, 2021 "What kind of history of science?" (Invited talk), University of Macao, Macao S.A.R. China, Nov. 13, 2020 “The 1555 Map of Advantageous Terrain Past and Present Gu jin xing sheng zhi tu 古 今形勝之圖 and the Jesuit Maps of China in Comparative Perspective,” Conference Displacing Worldviews: Maps and Mapping between Western Europe and East Asia, Macao S.A.R. China, Aug. 29, 2020 “Presentation in the experimental panel Technologies of Violence,” Society for the History of Technology Conference, Milan, Italy, Oct., 2019 “Connected Histories of Cartography and the Formation of World Geography in the Time of the Renaissance,” Mahindra Center for the Humanities, Harvard University, Cambridge, US, Feb. 2019 “The translation of cartographic knowledge between China, Inner Asia, and Early modern Europe” Lecture in the Ricci Institute Research Seminar Series, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, Aug. 2017 “Columbus' crew: on the power of the weak in the globalization of knowledge,” Villa I Tatti exploratory seminar, Florence, Italy, May, 2017 “Cartographic translation,” Harvard-Princeton early modern graduate student conference, Princeton, NJ, USA, Feb., 2017 “Relocating the early Qing in the global history of science,” in the panel "Knowledge in Translation between East Asia and Europe Renaissance Society of America Conference,” Chicago, USA, Mar., 2017 “Translation and treason: the demarcation controversy and Abraham Ortelius’ map of China from 1584” Invited Lecture in the Maps and Society Series, Warburg Institute, London,UK, March, 2017 “Materiality and cartographic translation” in the panel "New Approaches in the study of early modern material texts" History of Science Society Meeting, Atlanta GE, USA, October, 2016.&nbsp; “Poisons and the drug ecologies of opium,” American Association for the History of Medicine, Chicago, USA 2014 “Technoscience limited: how patent law and court experts define the boundary between science and technology” Ecole Normale Supérieure Philosophy department conference: "Le contrôle des experts,” Paris, France, 2010